Journal of North Khorasan

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Global cerebral ischemia in rat leads to neuronal specific damage in hippocampus and striatum. Produce free radicals of oxygen and oxidation of cell macromolecules such as unsaturated fats in cell membranes, proteins and nucleic acids are Key events in ischemia/ reperfusion and oxidative injury. In this study the effect of safranal on oxidative injury from global cerebral ischemia in hippocampus of rat was studied and hippocampus samples were studied for lipid peroxidation, amount of thiol groups (SH) and antioxidant activity. Global cerebral ischemia in four-vessel obstruction method was created in 20 minutes. For measurement of lipid peroxidation, the level of malondialdehyde in hippocampus of rat was measured by thiobarbitoric test. FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) method was used for measurement of antioxidant activities of hippocampus samples. Safranal in dosages 72.75mg/kg, 145.5mg/kg, 363.75 mg/kg and 727.5 mg/kg was prescribed Intraperitoneally and normal saline (used as control, 10 ml/kg Intraperitoneally) was prescribed into animals after Induction of ischemia  for 15 minutes and Prescribing of them was continued for 2 days (each 24 hours). In normal saline group significant increase was observed in amount of lipid peroxidation in comparison with sham group and significant decrease was observed in antioxidant power of hippocampus samples. Safranal in comparison with normal saline group with 727.5 mg/kg dosage reduced the MDA levels meaningful (52.31 nmol/g versus 159.7 nmol/g, p<0.001). Also significant increase was created in antioxidant power of hippocampus samples (412 µmol/g).The results of present study showed that safranal has Protective effects on oxidative stress from ischemia/ reperfusion injury.
 

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Abstract

Introduction: Low back pain with definite pathology has a high prevalence in pediatric patients, but low back pain with unknown pathology is rare. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of low back pain with a definite cause and pathology in children.

 Materials and methods: The retrospective study was conducted on 55 patients (22 female and 33 male) with low back pain that referred to orthopedic clinic, and were under investigation and treatment between 2000 and 2003 years.

 Results: The average age of patients was 9.5 years (minimum 7 years and maximum 15 years). The causes of back pain in these patients were: spinal cord tumor (3 cases), Infection (3 cases), Spondylolisthesis (5 cases), spinal cord deformity (8 cases), Scheuermann's disease (6 cases),  Intervertebral disc herniation (4 cases),  spinal abnormalities (3 cases), trauma (12 cases) and unknown causes (11 cases). Only 11 patients (from 55 cases) had low back pain with uncertain cause (20%), Vice versa in adults, that about 70% of the cases have uncertain causes. Conclusion: Because low back pain with diagnosed pathology in children has a certain pathology (80%), so clinical, radiological and laboratory examinations are essential.

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Background:
Visceral Leishmaniasis(VL) is a spreading potentially fatal zoonosis in Iran mimicking many other
diseases in infancy which differs from VL in some other regions in terms of it’s clinical characteristics and response totherapy; earlier and better management is quite effective for life saving.So we tried to look at our cases from demographic,clinical and also initial response to therapy in a tertiary,educational center in Bojnurd, Iran.
Patients and Methods:
30 cases with final diagnosis of VL,who were discharged from Imam Reza hospital from 2000 to 2008 were enrolled in this descriptive-analytic retrospective study; demographic,clinical,paraclinical parameters as well data concerning initial response to treatment were gathered and analyzed by appropriate statistical methods by SPSS software.
Results:
Fever was the mostcommon symptom and observed in allcasesfollowed by splenomegaly,hepatomegaly,pallor, weight loss and cough. Paraclinical findingswere anemia, thrombocytopenia,leukopenia,lymphocytosis, increase of ESR and CRP.
Conclusion:
Clinical symptoms, paraneoplastic symptoms, weight loss and fever were the most prominentfinding in patients with visceral leishmaniasis.There was a significant rate of mortality in this region and follow up studies are needed.
 

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Introduction: Ramadan fasting is religious duty and belief. It is obligatory for all Muslims. Fasting is not poor or inadequate food but could be attributed to the changes in the concentrations of Oxidation of fats and carbohydrates. Several studieshave investigated to elucidate the effects of fasting on health through investigating the changes of blood biochemistry and they had different results.
Method: This study aimed to assess the effects of fasting on the changes of blood biochemistry factors in men that they were 40 volunteers men employed at North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences in Oct and Nov 2003. Data collection and phlebotomy were performed before fast-breaking on the first and last day of Ramadan. Fasting duration was 29 days and 11 hours per day. Serum biochemical factors, including blood glucose, uric acid, albumin, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), total cholesterol and triglyceride (TG), were measured in all the participants at the beginning and end of Ramadan. Data analysis was performed in SPSS11.5 using paired-samples T-test to compare the mean variables.
 Results: In this study mean age of the participants was 39.11±8.602 years. After one month of fasting, the mean of blood glucose, uric acid, TG, and LDL was asignificant reduction (P<0.05). Mean of total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol had a no significant decrease. Mean of albumin level was significantly increased. (P=0.000).
 Conclusion: According to the results of this study, Ramadan fasting no harmful effect in healthy and adults. It could lower blood cholesterol and uric acid while enhancing the level of albumin.
 

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Introduction: Tooth decay is one of the most important health problems. Most of people throughout their lives face this problem. Receiving a certain amount of fluoride through drinking water or other topical fluorine carriers can increase the teeth resistance and thus reduce tooth decay.
The aim of this study was to determine the amount of fluoride in drinking water in Zahedan and DMFT index in students aged 8-12 years old and their relationship.
Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 800 students were selected for evaluation of DMFT, and 34 water samples were taken to determine the amount of fluorine in drinking water. In this study, students were selected randomly. The data was collected by examination and completion of the form by oral health technicians. Determination of fluoride content was done by SPADNS method using Spectrophotometer.
Results: The mean DMFT index in this study was 2.41±2.12. The highest rate was for the 9-year age group with an average of 3.02±2.55 and the lowest was for the 12-year-old group with an average of 1.96±1.8 The DMFT value was lower in girls than in boys. (p<0.05). In all water samples, the concentration of fluoride was lower than the standard.
Discussion and conclusion:According to the WHO, the quality of oral and dental care was relatively low. On the other hand, the average concentration of fluoride in drinking water in Zahedan is less than standard. Therefore, the fluoride needed by the body should be provided through waterfluoridation, the use of local fluoride carriers, or the use of fluoride-containing beverages, such as tea and other foods.
 

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Introduction: Green tea with scientific name Camellia Sciensis is the most popular medicinal herbs in Asia. Epidemiological studies have shown that the derivatives of catechin compounds from green tea have reducing of cholesterol levels in plasma effects. The purpose of this study is evaluation of the effect of green tea water extract on cholesterol levels in rats.
Methods: 32 rats with 200±10 g and 2-4 month properties divided in 4 groups contain A: negative control; B: positive control (nicotinic acid); C: treatment with water extract and D: prevention with water extract.  We used Cholesterol-rich foods 2% for preparation of hyperlipidemia conditions. At first D group has been feed with extract and enriched food. B and C groups were feeded by nicotinic acid 25 mg/kg/day and water extract after a significant increase in fat levels at the end of sixth week. Water extract of green tea was produced by extraction with water and ethyl acetate and after the solvent removal, in 100 mg/kg/day with gavage method was fed to animals. The level of cholesterol (Ch), triglyceride (TG), LDL, HDL and weight of animals were measured each week. The results were shown in Mean±SEM status. The effect of using the green tea extract on blood cholesterol level was analyzed by ANOVA and Unpaired t-test. P<0.05 was considered as a meaningful level of data.
Results: In C group, the levels of Ch (P<0.001-33.3%), TG (P<0.001-40.7%), LDL (P<0.001-30.2%) and HDL (P<0.001-40%) were reduced. Data alignment in D group and changes average 10% (P<0.001) in levels of study, indicate the fixing of cholesterol in blood. In positive group control the using of nicotinic acid, reduced the intended levels of plasma (P<0.001). Checking the weight of rats showed reducing of weight in groups that were exposed to extract (P<0.01).
Conclusion: Comparison of positive control with treatment and prevention groups is indicative of antihyperlipidemia effect of water extract of green tea. Based on this study, consuming of green tea on a daily basis with a proper diet has an effective role in reducing the risk of high blood lipid.
 

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Introduction: Research is one of the development indicators in developed countries. Careful attention to it and its use in planning and policy-making has an effective role in the comprehensive development of these countries. Despite the importance of the research, unfortunately, the number of approved projects in the North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences was less than national ones. The purpose of this study was to identify the research barriers in terms of view faculty members of the university.
Methods: This was a descriptive-analytic study that done in 1386. The study was conducted as a census of all faculty members, 18 people. The data gathering tool was a questionnaire and interview. The questionnaire was divided into two sections: demographic questions and questions about barriers to research. Data analysis was done with the help of SPSS software ver. 14.
Results:The most important barriers were the lack of digital data resources, management, and laws for research.In the field of information resources and facilities, the lack of digital data recourse and space and equipment laboratories, and in the field of factors related to the management the budget, and in the section of the laws all of them except those related to the Ethics Council, were the most important barriers.Because of the newly established university, such barriers were expected. Increasing in access to digital resources and budget of research and setting clear rules in research can be considered as a step towards a quantitative and qualitative development of research.
 

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Introduction: In new studies many anticancer compounds have been introduced from Alpinia galangal L. Anticancer effects of these compounds are from free radicals removal  and inhibition of enzyme activities and cell cytotoxicity. The purpose of present study is evaluation the effect of water extract of Alpinia galangal L on HT-29 Cancer Cell Lines and rat fibroplast (L 929) in vitro.
Methods: Water extract of Alpinia galangal was placed in plates with cultured cells. morphological information (cell shape, granulocytic cell count and adhesion to the cell surface) were collected With inverted microscope for two cell lines HT-29 AND L 929 in vitro. In other part of study, cultured cells from each line were evaluated with MTT for three days and present of living cells in each of two cell lines and for each concentration of extract were calculated in Mean ± SD , and recorded. The results were evaluated with Instate and SPSS, ANOVA one-way and Tukey-Kramer or T-test software. When P<0.05 , differences are considered significant.
Results: Water extract of Alpinia galangal L in using concentrations inhibits the growth of each two line cells. The inhibitory effects of this extract on L929 cells is similar to or higher than inhibition effects on colon cancer cells; IC₅₀ is 1500 µg/ml for healthy and cancer cell lines. In each two cell lines the percentage of Living cells will be reduced with increasing the concentration.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that water extract of Alpinia galangal L had cytotoxic effects on cell lines HT-29 and L929. Therefor in using of water extract of Alpinia galangal L for treatment of cancer , it is better to use other kinds of Alpinia galangal L extracts that have cytotoxic effects on cancer cell lines.
 

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Introduction:     Diabetes mellitus is an important risk factor for several diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, stroke and renal failure. Guar gum as a soluble dietary fiber can impair glucose uptake. Therefore,

we investigated the effect of guar gum powder on glucose level and lipids of plasma in diabetic rats.

Material  and  methods:  Male Wistar rats with weighting range of 245±35 gr were made diabetic with an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin(85mg/kg). The animals were divided into four groups including diabetic  group  who  received  %5  of  guar  gum  in  their  diet,  diabetic  group  who  received  2mg/kg glibenclamide, diabetic  control group and normal control group. Experiment period  continued 28 days.

Blood sampling from rats was performed at Oth,ih, 14th,and zs" days after inducing diabetes. And glucose,

triglyceride, LDL-C and HDL-C of serum were evaluated at the aforementioned time intervals.

Results: Our data showed that glucose and HDL-C level of serum of rats that received a diet including 5% guar  gum  did  not  change  significantly  in  comparison  with  diabetic  control  group  during  28  days (p>0.05).But cholesterol, LDL-C (p<0.05) and triglyceride (p<O.OI) significantly decreased versus control

group at 14thand zs" days. In our research glibenc1amide had no effect on glucose, cholesterol and LDL-C,

but it could decrease significantly triglyceride of plasma in diabetic rats (p<0.05).

Discussion: Guar gum probably with increasing viscosity in digestion system is able to decrease uptake of substances, therefore it may have therapeutic effect on decreasing the cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-C of blood in diabetic rats, but it seems our selective dose had no effect on glucose. Thus, this research has shown that guar gum is effective on controlling blood lipids in diabetic patients.

Key words: Diabetes, streptozotocin, guar gum, rat, glucose, glibenc1amide,serum lipids

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Introduction:       prenatal  stress   have  different effects  on biological processes  and  different sections of emberyonic structures  and make  disorders in hypothalamo-pitutary-adrenal  (HPA). In  this  research the

effects of prenatal stress on morphological properties of hippocampus in newborn and adult rats and their

havior in Open Field (OF) and Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) in maturity period was studied.

.Iaterial  and Methods: Female pregnant Wistar rat were devided into control and experimental groups.Control pregnant  females were left undisturbed in their horne cages without any stressfull conditions. In the Experimental groups, pregnant females restrained for 3 hours per day (from the 2nd weak of pregnancy until delivery). Behavioral studies were performed using Open Field (OF) and Elevated Plus Maze (EPM). Histological studies of hippocampus of new born and 2.5 month old litters were performed using Golgi and oluidin blue staining methods.

Results:  Behavioral stusdies of 2.5 month aged offsprings showed that there is significant differences in orne parameters of emotional reactivities and exploratory functions. So that, in the experimental groups

e tploratory  activity was diminished but emotional reactivity and anxiety were increased. Histologic studies of newborns hippocampus of adult offsprings showed significant decrease in the intensity of pyramidal and dentate gyrus fibers in experimental groups than control groups. Also the thickness of hippocampal layers were less in stress experienced newborns and adult.

Conclusion:  Considering  of  these  results  and  compaire with  the  developmental periods  and  structural

changes during embryonic period in rats we can have a hypothesis that following prenatal stress the normal de  elopment of hippocampal cells will be delayed. These abnormalities maybe due to changes in hormonal and neurotransmitters and growth factors involving in neural cells differentiation and less myelination and

changes in glucocorticoides amounts  that  is effected in regulation of cell proliferation and emotional and exploratory behavioral.

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Introduction:     Although antifertility and different aspects of Abrus precatorius  seed have been

I studied but  duration of antifertility  effect and its relevance with  "day of administration" after matting is not clear.

Materials  and  Methods:  To clarify this,  10 mg/mice etheric extract of A. precatorius  seed was injected I.P. 1st-5th day after matting.

Results: In mice, the injection of extract at 1st, 2nd, 4th and 5th day of matting showed antifertility effect in the first reproductive cycle. The secondary day administration of the seed extract was ffective for two reproductive cycles.

Conclusion: The antifertility mechanism of seed extract on different days is not the same and may included anti-implantation (4th and 5th day of matting), oxytocic (4th and 5th day of matting)

and rapid passage of ovule from oviduct (1st and 2nd day of matting).

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Introduction:  Night shift work might be a risk factor for metabolic disorders due to interference with diet, circadian rhythms and lifstyle. One way in which metabolic risk could be increased is through inappropariate

hormonal and some metabolic responses to night shift. We conducted this study to examin plasma glucose

concentration and the related factors in night shift nurses.

Methods:  Participants were 60 nurses working in different section of Damghan Hospital who were randomly selected. Their level of glucose concentration was measured by glucose oxidas method while they were working around 4-5 pm. The test was repeated for three times at one-month intervals. Statistical methods of T-test, Repeated Measurment and Pearson Correlation Coefficient were employed to investigate the relationship between glucose concentration and age, gender, weight, length of service and number of night shifts per month.

Results:  The results showed that the mean blood glucose concentration of nurses at the first time was 82.68 mg/dl,  at  the  second time  82.12 mgldl  and  at the  thired  time  83.75 mg/dl.  there  were no  significant relationship between the blood glucose concentration range and age, gender, weight, years of service and number of night shifts per month.

Conclusion:  mean of blood glucose concetration in night shifts nurses was low and lack of its significan relationship with other factors shows that all nurses regardless of their conditions suffere from low glucose concentration. Therefore it is concluded that there is a need for more attention to nurses' nutrition to increase blood glucose concetration in night shift nurses.

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Introduction:     Heartburn, which occure in 30-80 percents of pregnancies, have a vast injurious of social, emotional and  environmental  effects  on  the  life  of  the  pregnant  woman  as  well  as  their  society  and

occupation. Stressors such as tension of the job effect in contrast with housewives .This research has been

accomplished in order to compare the occurrence and intensity of heartburn in employed and housewives pregnant woman

Material  and Method:  This observational-analytical research was accomplished by applying cross-sectional and multi-stages sampling method on 310 pregnant housewives and 150 employed pregnant women who has necessary qualification and were referred to prenatal care centers in Bojnord. In three sections of three month of pregnancy ,used from interview form for determining the prevalence of heartburn in the last two months and used from interview form and visual index of Oklahoma for determining the intensity of heartburn. Our analysis of data were done with X2, T- student, Man-Withney, one way ANOVA, Log liner, Co-variance and by utilizing the SPSS software with 95% coefficient.

Results:  Mean heartburn intensity were significantly different between two groups (P=O/OO1O)and being more in employed women (Total of pregnancy, 5/23 ± 1184vs 4/2 ±1166) (Tl, 4/73±1/841186 vs 3/88 ±1I21) (TI, 5/05± 1197vs 4/12 ±1/63) (T3, 5/75± 1/69 vs 4/13 ±1/64).

The prevalence of heartburn in employed pregnant woman was more than that of housewives (T 1: 2118% vs

1811%T2: 5511% vs 44/3%, T3: 73/9% vs 6118%, Total of pregnancy: 48/6% vs 42/6%). There was not significant relationship between the prevalence  of heartburn  and patient's  occupation (Tl,  P=0/73)  (T2, P=0/28) (T3, P=0/20) (Total of pregnancy, P=0/25).

Conclusion:  Employed pregnant women are at risk of heartburn in comparison with unemployed ones. It necessary to  force  and  enhance  suitable laws,  specific  education  for better  life  method  and  better job qualification of employed women  and more facilities to decrease their heartburn and unsuitable effect's one.

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Introduction:       The high  concentration   of nitrate  in water  is one of the pollutants  in ground  waters. In recent years  due to the increase  of wastewater  and agriculture  and urban  development,   its amount in water  source  has  been  increased.  High  nitrate  concentration   in drinking  water  is dangerous   for children's  health  and causes  Methemoglobinomia.    The aim of this research  was measure  the nitrate concentration   in  water  wells  which   supply  the  drinking   water  in Bojnord   and  compare   it  with ommon  standards.

Marerials    and  Methods:    This  was  a descriptive   research   to  investigate   nitrate  concentration   in vater sources  in Bojnord  in 2007. Thus the result  of nitrate  tests was considered  in 82 samples  from water  supplying  source  and  drinking  water  reservoirs   in Bojnord.  All  the  samples  were  tested  by using   spectrophotometric     methods    in  the   chemistry    lab   of  Northern    Khorasan's     Water   and wastewater  Company.  The final results  were studied  and analyzed  by statistical  methods.

Results:  The results  showed  that there was a significant  difference  between  concentration   of nitrate ions  in  inner   wells   and   concentration    of  nitrate   ions   in  outer   wells   (P=0.003).   The   average oncentration   of nitrate  ions  in inner  wells  was  higher  than  those  of the  outer  wells.  The  average itrate concentration   indicated  that 2 from  8 (25 %) outer  water  wells  and  8 from  9 (88.8  %) inner vater  wells   had   an  average   higher   than  the  standard   specified   by  Iranian   Standard   Industry esearch Institute.  It was shown that there was a significant  negative  relationship  between  the depth of well  and  nitrate  concentration   (P<O.OOl). The  average  of nitrate  concentration   in the  outlet  of

eservoir  was 34.4 mg/I.

Disscussion:    According  to the results,  the average  of nitrate  concentration   in many  drinking  water vells  of  Bojnord   was  more  (50  mg/I)  than  the  standard   approved   by  Institute   of  Standards   & dustrial  Research  of Iran. Because  of health  threats  of high nitrate  in drinking  water  wells,  some asic measures  should  be taken  such as refining  water  of polluted  wells  or taking  out polluted  wells om  consumption   cycles  and  using  better  quality   sources.   Regular   examination   and  control  of

itrate in supplying  sources  and water  distribution  nets is also necessary.

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Introduction:   Iron  deficiency  is the  most  common nutritional  deficiency throughout  the  world.  Iron deficiency affects the attention performance in two ways; the direct impact of Iron on the production of

neurotransmitters, and the impact ofIron  on the production of hemoglobin and anemia. The aim of this study

was to identify the Impact of iron replacement on the attention capacity in high school female student in orth Khorasan.

Methods: Two hundred female students from the North Khorasan high schools were randomly chosen and laboratory studies were done on them aiming to detect iron consumption limitations. Then they were divided to case and control groups. The two groups were matched and the case group was treated with an iron supplement program for 16 week and the results were compared between two groups. For attention score measurement, we used Tholuse- Pieron tool. The data were analyzed with the SPSS version 13.

Results: The attention mean score in the case group was 113.6, and in the control group was 46.7 (p:S0.001). The total selection mean score in the first halftime  to the second halftime  in the case group was 0.75, and in the control group was 1.9 (p:S0.001).Theperformance through the time in the control group was diminished when compared to case group.

Conclusion: In this study the effects of iron replacement on the attention capacity was supported.

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Introduction:      Clinical practice is an indispensible component of nursing students' education. Recognition of their real experiences and understanding of their clinical training difficulties in this area may help to develop a better clinical instruction strategies and improvement of education. This study was aimed to get a

betterperception regarding nursing students' clinical experiences assuming qualitative method.

Methods:  To gain access to nursing students' views about their clinical experiences, focus group approach was employed. 30 of the whole 120 nursing students of Bojnord Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery were [purposefully selected and according to their entry year divided into three groups each of which including 10 students. Each group was interviewed separately by focus group method. Using content analysis to extract concepts and themes, data were coded in three levels. At the first step, the meaning units were recognized and coded. Then the meaning units were categorized in second level of data; and finally the themes as the third level of data were derived.

Results: Three main themes  were  evolved  from qualitative data analysis:  "anxiety",  "motivation", and"theory practice gap".

Conclusions:  Study revealed the feeling of discouragement and reluctance among students. Also fear and anxiety as consequences of knowledge insufficiency, improper reactions of instructors in case of students' errors, and  unfair  evaluation  were  among  experiences  verbalized  by  nursing  students. With  regard  to undeniable role of psychological factors, internal and external motivations of nursing students in acquiring

I clinical skills, findings of this study may help educational managers and clinical instructors in planning nursing clinical courses and improvement of teaching-learning processes.

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Introduction: Clinical teaching is a seminal and important part of nursing education. Clinical instructors play an important basic role in programming and also attaining the clinical experiments. Characteristics  of  effective  instructors  has  been  evaluated  in  a  variety  of  research.  These

characteristics are  under  question  and there  is no  clear picture  of  effective  clinical  instructor

characteristics. The goal of this study was to determine the characteristics of an effective clinical instructor in the view of the student of nursing and midwifery students of North Khorasan Medical

University in 1387.

Methods:  It was a descriptive study on a group of 96 students. The instrument was a questionnaire designed in two parts including demographic data and characteristics of an effectiveness which was omposed of 4 axes including: education, personal characteristics, interpersonal communication and evaluation of students. The method of sampling was census and the  study population was the undergraduate students of nursing and midwifery were studying in 3rd or higher semester.

Results: The findings show that the mean age of students was 20.84 years. 73.95% of populations were  nursing  and  26.04%  midwifery  student's  .The  students  scored  the  individual  (personal) harters as the highest and the teaching skills, interpersonal communication, and the evaluation were scored in a decreasing order of frequency. This study showed that there is no difference etween the view of two disciplines (nursing & midwifery) of an effective clinical instructor. There

 was no correlation among the variables like age, education level and satisfaction with the discipline of education.

Conclusion: This study showed that among the 4 axes of characteristics of effective instructor the highest degree was  devoted to the  individual parameters.  The second position was devoted to teaching and third one to interpersonal communication and the last one to the evaluation of students.

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Background:  Menopause is not avoidable and will occur in every woman's  life. Understanding risk factors and their prevention is necessary for every women. This important will be possible ough health care education. The purpose of this research was to find out the effect of education on middle-aged women's practice towards menopause.

Material   & Methods:  In this quasi-experimental study, 90 women aged 40 and 60 years were randomly selected sampling. Then, the effect of education on their practice was evaluated. Before the  implementation  of  education  program,  primary  information  about  woman's  practice  was collected through questionnaire. After study the obtained data and need assessment of the subjects, appropriate education program was planned. Then, in two, one hour session, , Individual face to ace education program was offered to all SUbjects. Three months later, information was collected through original questionnaire again. Mc-Nemar, t-student, one-way ANOYA and paired t-test were ed for data analysis.

Results: The results of this research showed that post- education mean practice was significantly ifferent from that of pre-education (P=O.OOOB).efore education, 77.8% of research units had poor ractice, 21.1% had a moderate and only 1.1% had good practice, after education 5.6% the woman ad poor practice 72.2% had moderate and 22.2% had good practice.

conclusions:  The study showed that the reasonable way to increase people's  health behaviors is based on health education. Through such education, it is possible to equip individuals with enough knowledge to take care of their health. Statistical findings of this study emphasize on education and roviding health care centers for this group.

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Abstract

Background  & Objective:  Aspirin  is widely  used as analgesic  and anti-inflammatory    drug. The aim of this study was to investigate  the side effects  of aspirin  on placenta.

Materials  and  Methods:  Forty  balb/c  female  mice  were  randomly   divided  into  experimental   and  placebo groups;  further  each  placebo  and  experimental   groups  were  divided  into  groups   1 &  2. All  animals  were mated  with  male  mice.  Pregnant  experimental   mice were treated  daily  by 200 mg/  kg aspirin  dissolved  in  I ml  saline  (through   gavage)  during  pregnancy   while,  the  animals  of  placebo   groups  received   saline  (1 ml

/kg/day).  Mice  in groups  1(both  placebo  and experimental)   were anesthetized   and  killed  at day  10 and mice

in groups  2 (both  placebo  and experimental)   were killed  at day 20 of gestation.  Placentas  were removed  and processed  for histological  evaluation  using routine  histological  procedures.

Results:  Abortion   occurred   in two  pregnant   mice  in  experimental   group   1 and  in seven  in experimental group 2. There was no abortion  in placebo  groups.  Pathologic  changes  i.e. syncicial  degeneration   and fibrotic tissue  formation  were  present  in placental  tissues  of both  experimental   groups  but  no histological   changes were observed  in placebo  groups.

Conclusion:  Side  effects  of aspirin  such  as gastrointestinal   bleeding   has  been  reported   in several  studies. Placental  bleeding  and subsequently   abortion  was  observed  in this  study.  Therefore,   it can be proposed  that consumption   of aspirin  may  cause  bleeding  and disconnectivity   in placenta  and  may  cause  abortion.  It may be suggested  that aspirin  should  be used in pregnant  women  with caution.

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Abstract

Background  &  Objective:  Keratin amateur fungi which are a subgroup of Keratinophilic   fungi, due to secretion of keratinase are  keratinolytic and causes diseases in human  and animals. They are also important in different industries. The high keratin in agriculture soil and forest soil can provide the optimum condition to  grow  keratinophilic  fungi.  This  encouraged  us  to  determine  the  prevalence  and  identification of keratinophilic fungi in multiple samples of the soil of farm yards and forest localities at Northern Khorasan and Razavi Khorasan Provinces, Iran

Materials  and  Methods:  This is a descriptive comparative study using classified samples. The samples included 140 soil samples from farm yards and forest localities in Northern Khorasan and Khorasan Razavi Provinces, Iran. They were cultured using Vanbreuseghemii. Then, various fungi grown within the cultures were identified and counted. Collected data were analyzed using two-scale and multi-scale tables as well as relevant statistical tests.

Results: Of 784 colonies, %71.43 of colonies had been collected from Khorasan Razavi Province and %28.5 colonies from Northern Khorasan Province. Annxiopsis stercoraria with 240 colonies (%30.6) and different species ofChrysosporium with 133 colonies (%17) were found to be the most common species.

Conclusion:  This  investigation revealed that  the  keratinase  in keratinolytic  isolates could degrade the keratinous stuff of the environment and could be useful in managing heavily polluted habitats. Finally to the best of our knowledge this  is the  first report concerning isolation of  Myriodontium keratinophilum as keratinolytic fungi from soil samples in studied areas in Iran.