Journal of North Khorasan

Abstract Background & Objectives :One of the most important strategies for treatment and preventing recurrence of addiction is group cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness cognitive–behavioral therapy on improving irrational beliefs in male addicts. Materials and Methods: In a semi-experimental study, 80individuals who had been treated in MMT therapy of bojnurd, were divided randomly into an experimental (40 subject) and a control (40 subject) groups. The experimental group underwent ten treatment sessions (one session per week, 90 min) with cognitive-behavioral approach while control group only receive routine treatment of MMT center. In this study, Jones irrational beliefs questionnaire form was used. Data were statistically analyzed using spss sofware16 and presented with chi-square tests, t-independent and paired t test with 95% confidence level. Results: influential variables of two groups (age, education, age of onset of drug use, smoking, etc.) were similar. Irrational beliefs scores of both groups before the intervention were not significant, but showed significant level of difference after the intervention (p<0/0001). The overall mean pre-intervention score (112/95 ± 11/52) and post-intervention score of experimental group (82/78 ± 9 / 76) showed a meaningful decrease. (p<0/0001). Conclusions: Group cognitive - behavioral therapy is effective in reducing irrational beliefs of addicts and probably could change their positive attitude to drug abuse.

Abstract Background & Objectives: Dependency on opiate drugs is one of the major health problems in Iran and most patients with substance dependency disorder are also co morbid with mental disorders. The present study compared the psychological profiles of patients on methadone maintenance treatment and substance dependent persons. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, 142 substance dependents male patients and 146 male under methadone maintenance treatment who referred to MMT clinics in Bojnurd were compared. Data were collected by using SCL-90 – R .All data were analyzed by SPSS16 software and presented with chi-square and T tests in 95% confidence level. Results: Variables affect the two groups (age, education, marital status, time and kind of drugs) were similar. Score of Overall psychological profile of drug-dependent group (2/1 ± 0/56) and the methadone group (1/58±0/62) were significantly different (p<0/0001).Also all subgroups scales in SCL90 were significantly different (p<0/0001) and were in favor of methadone group. Conclusions: patients in methadone maintenance program had lower psychological problems than substance users and methadone maintenance treatment could improve both physical and psychological profiles of these patients.

Abstract Background & objective: Pain labor is one of the sensory experiences in a woman's life. It is often intense in more than half of pregnant women and cause to adverse consequences for the mother, fetus and the labor process. One of the most common non-pharmacological methods is aromatherapy. This study aimed to investigate the effect of aromatherapy on pain of labor in nulliparous women Methods and Materials: 150 nulliparous women candidate vaginal delivery admitted to Bentoolhuda hospital, Bojnurd on , were selected randomly and divided into three groups namely : geranium essential oil group, orange oil group and distilled water. Demographic and obstetric data, visual analog scale (VAS) were collected. Pain was assessed before and 20 minutes after intervention visual analog pain scale. Data were analyzed by SPSS software and presented with wilcoxon and chi-square. Results: Pain was reduced significantly in orange scent group (p =0.01) but in geranium groups (p =0.1) and controls (p =0.46) were not significant. Conclusion: Our study showed that the use of aromatherapy with orange essential oils can be used as simple ,non-invasive and non-pharmacological methods of pain relief in labor.

Abstract In recent decades, qualitative approaches enter to the domain of medical research, and it has been considered. Rigor includes activities that increase the probability of obtaining valid results. Different approaches of qualitative research causing different methods for rigor has been achieved. In this methodology paper, by using descriptive and analytical methods has been tried that with introduction and overview of the types of rigor in qualitative research, Literature review and also address ways increase the type of rigor. In this study, Guba and Lincoln's approach(1994) include, Credibility, Transferability, Dependability, Confirm ability offer and methods to achieve the rigor of these four criteria has been suggested. Conclusions: According to the results of the research that has been done to generate knowledge, paying attention to the mentioned methods would help to judge precisely about the credibility of qualitative studies and obtain reasonable judgment.

Abstract Background & Objectives: Qualifying the given services to the old people is affected by several factors and one of them is nurses’ attitudes toward the old people and aging phenomena. The aim of this study was to determine the nurses’ attitude to older people and aging phenomenon Materials and Methods:This study started searching wildly in databases such as Pub Med, Google Scholar, Science Direct and Iran Doc by older people, nursing and attitude key words to find related articles and studies about nurses’ attitudes toward the old people and aging phenomena. Then among all the articles, the ones were chosen which were more related to the research subject by the research group members. 30 articles were chosen based on the input criteria and no time limit was included. Findings:Nurses are the effective members of the health care team who are responsible to take care of the old people. So it is important for the nurses to become more familiar with the old people characteristics to be able to take care and meet their needs better. In order to give the better services to seniors, it seems necessary to have got positive attitude about them. The nurses’ attitudes to the old people and the aging phenomena is affected by their personal and religious beliefs, their personal experiences, social culture and the latter one is how much the nurses know about the old people. Conclusion:It is hoped to change the nurses’ attitudes about the seniors by offering them the proper lessons and courses.

Abstract Background & Objectives: Due to recent changes such as increasing the number of higher education institutions -public, Azad, and non-profit universities- student demographic change and gradual decrease in the number of applicants to enter universities, all these education institutions have to compete recruiting students more than each other using the marketing principles and strategic planning and development to be adopted with the current and future conditions. The nursing school is aimed to recruit students and upgrade nursing courses. The purpose of this review article is to attract nursing students focusing on marketing principle and its applications. Material & Methods: To access the articles and studies related to marketing and relevant Keywords during the years 2000 and 2013, an investigation was done by searching in international web sites such as: Scopus, pub med, science direct, Iran doc and Iran medex. Then among all the articles, those were chosen which were more related to the research topic by the expert members of the research group. Results: In this study, 20 articles and 4 books were selected according to the inclusion criteria. The overall picture of university in the minds of people depends on various factors: School is known as a center for teaching and education and focusing on clinical, social and cultural issues. This is one of the factors which encourage the students to join nursing courses. Conclusion: To achieve the strategic goals of the university and attract more students who are the system customers, it is essential to get familiar more than before with the marketing principles especially in higher education and medical sciences. In general, marketing increases the efficiency, responsibility, satisfaction and also the allocated resources to the higher education.

Abstract Background & Aims: Fall is one of the common problems among olds that increases disabilities and mortality in this age group. So it is necessary to review and identify the different fall reasons in elderly in order to decrease the risks of fall and prevent it. This study is aimed to review the literatures related to the fall reasons in elderly. Material& Methods: In this study, 40 articles with the words elderly, falling, falls, and aging databases PubMed IranDoc Science Direct Google Scholar Iranian geriatric journals from 2000 to the present was reviewed comprehensively and in depth. Results: More than 30 percent of the people over the age of 65 falls at least once a year, 37 percent of them were women and the other 25.2 percent were men. Fall reasons which have been known till now were: loss of consciousness, seizures, strokes and sudden environmental problems. In 10 percent of falls the problems as serious injuries to head, hip fractures and subdural bleeding were reported. Conclusion: Fall decreases aged people activities and changes their life style. It is important to take care of them much more and try to provide a safe environment for them to have a healthy elderly population. So, initial standard assessments play a key role in recognizing and identifying the seniors at risk of the fall and supporting them.

Abstract Background & Objectives: complementary and alternative medicine is a set of procedures for diagnosis, treatment or prevention, and healthy lifestyle and natural. Due to the being holistic, along with conventional medicine is used around the world to reinforce it. Material & Methods: This comprehensive review was conducted based on extensive search of databases including Scopus, Pub med, Science direct, Google scholar and Iran medex by using keywords such as complementary and alternative medicine, touch therapy, nursing. Relevant articles were selected based on the relationship of articles and expert comments. Results: The purpose of complementary and alternative medicine is health promotion and quality of life with increase life span with using natural approaches and different methods according to clinical experience and research. Touch therapy is a therapeutic intervention for human energy management and its clinical concepts is supported by the Rogers’ theory of Unitary Human Beings. Complementary medicine can be used to facilitate the therapeutic relationship between nurse and patient through building trust and enhancing communication. Conclusion: Today complementary medicine has simply provided the opportunity for nurses in holistic care. Health care providers can play a more effective role in achieving care and therapeutic targets by identification of complementary and alternative medicine.

Abstract Background & Objectives: One of the most important roles of nurses in maintains and promotion health is providing good quality of health service. There are several ways to change health quality improvement. In practical terms Action research is one way to change health quality Material & Methods: This is a review article that investigates valid resources from CINHAL Scopus, Medline, PsycINFO, Embase, SID and the World Wide Web were undertaken using MeSH key words including: 'action research' 'health care research', 'health services evaluation'. Results: Action Research is done by participants in social situations to boost logic of social and justice of educational functions. This approach is a new paradigm of research that can be done through cooperation and collaboration. In recent years many studies have been carried on research into the field of nursing care based on action research that indicate the positive impact of growth and promotion in the field of nursing education and clinical management. Conclusion: Action research can solve the problem by providing improved quality problems in health care. Action research has been used successfully to facilitate change and improve service provision in management, education and nursing clinical.

Abstract Background & Objective: Despite the multiple benefits of exercise on mental and physical health of dialysis patients, unfortunately, the level of physical activity in these patients is very limited. With this respect, it is essential to identify the barriers and motivations to exercise in these patients for care planning principles. The purpose of this study was to identify barriers and motivations to exercise and evaluate their association with activity levels in hemodialysis patients. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was carried out on 47 hemodialysis patients selected by purposefully sampling in Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran. The data collection tools were demographic and Barriers and motivations to exercise questionnaire and a standard questionnaire to record physical activity GLTEQ. Data were analyzed using the software SPSS and presented with sign tests and correlation coefficient. Results: The majority of hemodialysis patients participated in the study were inactive. Motivations such as faith in healing by exercise, sense of well-being, anxiety and depression reduction had a direct correlation with the level of activity. Barriers such as fear of falling, fatigue, shortness of breath, depression and anxiety had an inverse correlation with the level of activity(P<0/05).There was a direct correlation between the frequency and severity of barriers and an inverse relationship between activity level with intensity and frequency of barriers(P<0/05). There was a direct correlation between the frequency and severity of motivations and a direct relationship between activity level with intensity and frequency motivations (P<0/05). Conclusions: Activity reduces the complications of hemodialysis and increase the health and prevent situations threatening the physical and mental health

Background & Objectives: Osteoarthritis is considered as the most common chronic disease and cause of disability in the elderly. Self-management can be appropriate to relieve the symptoms of osteoarthritis as one of the most suitable approaches in people with chronic diseases. This study aimed to determine the effect of self-management education program on disability of elderly patients with knee osteoarthritis referring to the elderly care clinic of Imam Reza (AS) treatment center in Shiraz.

Material & Methods: Firstly, an on hand sampling was done in this quasi-experimental study on elderly patients with osteoarthritis of knee. Then they were randomly divided into two groups: intervention (41 patients) and control groups (41 cases). The questionnaire contained demographic information and WOMAK tool was used to determine the severity of disability, which was performed at before, immediately after, and eight weeks after the intervention for both groups. The intervention was consisted of six sessions of group education in self-management included information about the disease and treatment, medication management, symptom management, management of psychosocial consequences, lifestyle (including exercise), social support and so on. The control group received usual care. Data was analyzed using the SPSS20 and descriptive-analytical tests (the significance level was α = 0/05).

Results: The two groups were matched in the case of age, sex, education level, marital status, disease severity, body mass index, and earnings based on chi-square tests and independent t-test (p> 0.5). Before the intervention, there was no significant difference in the mean score of disability between the intervention and control groups (p= 0.55). However, the mean score of disability was significantly less in the case group rather than the control one, after the intervention (22.76±14.71 vs. 42.50±17.43) (p<0.0001).

Conclusion: The performance of self-management program can be useful in reducing morbidity of patients with knee osteoarthritis. Therefore, it can be used as an effective empowering method.

Background & Objectives: Oral health is strongly correlated with good diet. Therefore, a nutrient-rich diet with minimal cariogenic effects is crucial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the food patterns in children who were between 3-6 years old, with early childhood caries and caries free in Mashhad kindergartens

Materials & Methods: Tooth caries status of 200 children was recorded. The parents were asked to complete the food frequency questionnaire. Food patterns were determined by factor analysis. Regression analysis, independent t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used for data analysis. The statistical significance level was set at 0.05.

Results: The study successfully identified cariogenic and non cariogenic food patterns. The chance of dental caries increased by 30 folds for every unit increase in  cariogenic dietary pattern score (p = 0.003), whereas there wasnt any significant correlation between non cariogenic food pattern and caries. The consumption of sweet foods and snacks as well as total carbohydrate intake was considerably higher among the cariogenic food pattern group (p <0.001). On the other hand, fat and micronutrients intake such as folate and potassium was significantly associated with caries­ free group (p = 0.003), (p < 0.001).

Conclusion: Cariogenic food patterns increased the possibility of dental caries, while non cariogenic food patterns had less effect on decreasing this likelihood.