Volume 18, Issue 2 (Summer 2026)
2026, 18(2): 35-55 |
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Mohammadian E, Hashemi S M H, Karimi Afshar B, Memar M, Shadboorestan A, Nikofal Sahlabadi S, et al . Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene/Cobalt Oxide (Co3O4)/Neodymium Oxide (Nd2O3) Nanoparticles and In Vitro Evaluation of Their Anticancer Activities. North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences 2026; 18 (2) :35-55
URL: http://journal.nkums.ac.ir/article-1-3383-en.html
URL: http://journal.nkums.ac.ir/article-1-3383-en.html
Esmaeil Mohammadian1 
, Seyyed Mohammad Hassan Hashemi2 , Behnaz Karimi Afshar3 , Masoud Memar4 , Amir Shadboorestan5 , Sara Nikofal Sahlabadi2 , Saghar Naybandizadeh6 , Mahmoud Omidi *7
, Seyyed Mohammad Hassan Hashemi2 , Behnaz Karimi Afshar3 , Masoud Memar4 , Amir Shadboorestan5 , Sara Nikofal Sahlabadi2 , Saghar Naybandizadeh6 , Mahmoud Omidi *7
1- Assistant Professor, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
2- Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
3- Pharm.D. Student, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Student Research Committee, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
4- Assistant Professor, Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
5- Assistant Professor, Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
6- M.Sc., Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
7- Associate Professor, Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran ,m.omid1364@gmail.com
2- Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
3- Pharm.D. Student, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Student Research Committee, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
4- Assistant Professor, Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
5- Assistant Professor, Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
6- M.Sc., Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
7- Associate Professor, Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran ,
Abstract: (39 Views)
Introduction: Cancer and its treatment remain among the major challenges of modern society. Today, nanoparticle-based techniques are widely employed in various aspects of cancer research and therapy. In this regard, graphene and its derived nanoparticles, due to their unique properties, have found extensive applications in different biomedical fields. Therefore, the present study aims to synthesize graphene/cobalt oxide/neodymium oxide (G–Co₃O₄/Nd₂O₃) hybrid nanoparticles and evaluate their anticancer activities under in vitro conditions. The efficiency and advantage of these hybrid nanoparticles lie in their greater potential as anticancer agents compared with individual nanoparticles.
Methods: In this study, the synthesis of G–Co₃O₄/Nd₂O₃ was investigated. The physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles were evaluated using DLS, XRD, FESEM, TEM, VSM, DRS, and FTIR. In the next step, the anticancer properties were assessed on MDA-MB-231 cells.
Results: The results showed that G–Co₃O₄/Nd₂O₃ exhibited an average particle size of approximately 25 nm based on XRD analysis, while a hydrodynamic diameter of about 425 nm was obtained from DLS measurements. The zeta potential was determined to be around −17 mV. In the MTT assay, the IC₅₀ values of the graphene-based nanoparticles were 3.6 and 0.33 µM after 24 and 48 hours, respectively, indicating 3.6- and 1.6-fold higher effectiveness compared to nanoparticles without graphene. Moreover, mitochondrial membrane disruption at 100 µM was significantly higher than in the control group.
Conclusion: In this study, G–Co₃O₄/Nd₂O₃ nanoparticles were successfully synthesized and characterized. The results demonstrated that graphene-containing nanoparticles exhibited stronger anticancer effects than their graphene-free counterparts, resulting in increased production of reactive oxygen species and disruption of the mitochondrial membrane. These effects, which were both time- and concentration-dependent, suggest that these nanocomposites may represent a promising option for targeted breast cancer
Methods: In this study, the synthesis of G–Co₃O₄/Nd₂O₃ was investigated. The physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles were evaluated using DLS, XRD, FESEM, TEM, VSM, DRS, and FTIR. In the next step, the anticancer properties were assessed on MDA-MB-231 cells.
Results: The results showed that G–Co₃O₄/Nd₂O₃ exhibited an average particle size of approximately 25 nm based on XRD analysis, while a hydrodynamic diameter of about 425 nm was obtained from DLS measurements. The zeta potential was determined to be around −17 mV. In the MTT assay, the IC₅₀ values of the graphene-based nanoparticles were 3.6 and 0.33 µM after 24 and 48 hours, respectively, indicating 3.6- and 1.6-fold higher effectiveness compared to nanoparticles without graphene. Moreover, mitochondrial membrane disruption at 100 µM was significantly higher than in the control group.
Conclusion: In this study, G–Co₃O₄/Nd₂O₃ nanoparticles were successfully synthesized and characterized. The results demonstrated that graphene-containing nanoparticles exhibited stronger anticancer effects than their graphene-free counterparts, resulting in increased production of reactive oxygen species and disruption of the mitochondrial membrane. These effects, which were both time- and concentration-dependent, suggest that these nanocomposites may represent a promising option for targeted breast cancer
Keywords: Breast Cancer, Cell Culture, Graphene/Cobalt Oxide/Neodymium Oxide Nanoparticles, In Vitro Study
Type of Study: Orginal Research |
Subject:
Basic Sciences
Received: 2025/11/7 | Accepted: 2026/01/27 | Published: 2026/07/1
Received: 2025/11/7 | Accepted: 2026/01/27 | Published: 2026/07/1
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